AI SummaryShort-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and metabolite-sensing receptors play a crucial role in protecting against Alzheimer’s disease (AD), impacting cognitive function and pathology in AD mouse models and WT mice. SCFAs also affect microglia transcriptome and immune cell recruitment. Specialized diets with high levels of acetate and butyrate could potentially protect against AD.Alzheimer’s disease (AD)… Continue reading Dietary Fiber and Microbiota Metabolite Receptors Enhance Cognition and Alleviate Disease in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimers Disease
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Neuroanatomical Disposition, Natural Development, and Training-Induced Plasticity of the Human Auditory System from Childhood to Adulthood: A 12-Year Study in Musicians and Nonmusicians
AI SummaryAuditory perception is important for human development and communication. The first long-term study on the plasticity of the auditory system due to musical training was conducted, finding stable differences in the auditory cortex between musicians and nonmusicians. Neuroplastic and perceptual changes were observed with age and musical practice, leading to the development of a… Continue reading Neuroanatomical Disposition, Natural Development, and Training-Induced Plasticity of the Human Auditory System from Childhood to Adulthood: A 12-Year Study in Musicians and Nonmusicians
The Influence of Prestimulus 1/f-Like versus Alpha-Band Activity on Subjective Awareness of Auditory and Visual Stimuli
AI SummaryAlpha rhythmic activity, specifically changes in broadband activity, may be as effective as narrowband alpha activity in predicting subsequent visual detection. These findings suggest the need for a re-examination of existing data on alpha band dynamics and may have significant implications for our understanding of alpha rhythmic activity.Alpha rhythmic activity is often suggested to… Continue reading The Influence of Prestimulus 1/f-Like versus Alpha-Band Activity on Subjective Awareness of Auditory and Visual Stimuli
Evidence Accumulation Rate Moderates the Relationship between Enriched Environment Exposure and Age-Related Response Speed Declines
AI SummaryOlder adults who are exposed to enriched environments (EEs) have higher levels of cognitive function even with compromised brain health. A study using a decision task with electroencephalography (EEG) found that the efficiency of sensory evidence accumulation determines the preservation of response speed in older adults. The mitigating effect of EE on age-related decline… Continue reading Evidence Accumulation Rate Moderates the Relationship between Enriched Environment Exposure and Age-Related Response Speed Declines
Suppressive Control of Incentive Salience in Real-World Human Vision
AI SummaryHumans are able to strategically control their attention to reward-associated objects, suppressing their salience and directing attention to more useful objects. This control may play a role in conditions like eating disorder and addiction.Reward-related activity in the dopaminergic midbrain is thought to guide animal behavior, in part by boosting the perceptual and attentional processing… Continue reading Suppressive Control of Incentive Salience in Real-World Human Vision
Hierarchical Modular Structure of the Drosophila Connectome
AI SummaryResearchers have used novel community detection methods to analyze the neural circuitry of a fruit fly brain. They reconstructed tens of thousands of neurons and found that the network is organized hierarchically, with larger-scale communities composed of smaller-scale structures. They were able to identify specific connectivity patterns in different brain regions. These findings demonstrate… Continue reading Hierarchical Modular Structure of the Drosophila Connectome
Transient Oscillations of Neural Firing Rate Associated With Routing of Evidence in a Perceptual Decision
AI SummaryIn this study, monkeys were trained to make decisions about visual motion. Neurons in the parietal cortex showed oscillations in firing rate when routing was established, indicating a mechanism for determining the source and destination of information. This oscillation did not play a role in the transmission of the information itself.To form a perceptual… Continue reading Transient Oscillations of Neural Firing Rate Associated With Routing of Evidence in a Perceptual Decision
Axon Initial Segment GABA Inhibits Action Potential Generation throughout Periadolescent Development
AI SummaryGABA at the axon initial segment inhibits action potential initiation in neurons, regardless of whether chloride flows out or into the cell.Neurons are remarkably polarized structures: dendrites spread and branch to receive synaptic inputs while a single axon extends and transmits action potentials (APs) to downstream targets. Neuronal polarity is maintained by the axon… Continue reading Axon Initial Segment GABA Inhibits Action Potential Generation throughout Periadolescent Development
Why and How to Account for Sex and Gender in Brain and Behavioral Research
AI SummarySex and gender are important variables in neuroscience research, but many neuroscientists do not understand their differences or how to include them in research designs. This article provides guidance on considering the influence of sex and gender, using appropriate statistical methods, and interpreting and communicating findings.Long overlooked in neuroscience research, sex and gender are… Continue reading Why and How to Account for Sex and Gender in Brain and Behavioral Research