Immune checkpoint inhibitors, cellular therapies, and T-cell engagers are just a few of the immunotherapies that have fundamentally altered how we approach treating cancer. Successes with cancer vaccines, however, have been more challenging to achieve. Only two vaccines — sipuleucel – T and talimogene laherparepvec — can increase survival in advanced disease, despite the fact that vaccinations against particular viruses have been widely adopted to prevent the development of cancer. These two strategies — vaccinating against cognate antigen and priming responses using tumors in situ — have the most traction. Here, we go over the difficulties and chances that scientists encounter when creating cancer therapeutic vaccines.