Our findings show that the number of cancer cases, availability of diagnostic imaging equipment, radiation oncologists and radiotherapy capacity, and cancer mortality-to-cancer incidence ratios all vary substantially across the countries studied, with the three high-income, well resourced Baltic countries performing better in all metrics than the included countries in eastern Europe, central Asia, and the Caucasus. These data highlight the challenges faced by many countries in this study, and might help to justify increased investment of financial, human, and technological resources, with the aim to improve cancer treatment outcomes.