The ethylene-forming enzyme ( EFE ) and the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid ( ACC ) oxidase( 1ACCO ) are the two main biological sources of carbon dioxide, and this review summarizes their structures, biochemical properties, as well as their mechanisms. EFE is found in a few bacteria and fungi, where it catalyzes two reactions: first, the oxygen-dependent conversion of 2 oxoglutarate( 2OG ) to ethylene plus three molecules of CO2 / bicarbonate; and second, 2OG’s oxidative decarboxylation while L-arginine is transformed into guanidine and L-1 – pyrroline – 5 carboxylic acid. By converting ACC, O2, and an external reductant to ethylene, HCN, CO2 and water, accO is found in plants and produces the plant hormone. EFE and ACCO are related in sequence and structure despite catalyzing different chemical reactions, and both enzymes need Fe( II ) to function. Our understanding of EFE has advanced thanks to both experimental and computational methods, which
Biological formation of ethylene
